Do video games have to be fun?


Theory 18:(Radio, video games, television, online media) 


  • Fandom refers to a particularly organised and motivated audience of a certain media producer franchise.
  • Unlike the generic audience or the classic spectator, fans are active participants in the construction and circulation of textual meanings.
  • Fans appropriate texts and read them in ways that are not fully intended by the media producers (textual poaching). examples of this may manifest in conventions, fan fiction
  • rather than just play a video game or watch a tv show, fans construct their social and cultural identities through borrowing and utilising mass culture images, and may use this 'subcultural capital' to form social bonds. For example, through online forms like Reddit or 4chan. 


Textual poaching examples 

- Cosplay 
- Forums and Sub reddits 
- Lets plays 
- Fan fiction 


Key Theory 19 - 'End of audience' theories - Clay Shirky 

  • audiences are no longer passive: they interact with media products is an increasingly complex variety of ways 
Audience Theories for Video Game Industry 

Albert Bandura - effects Model

Stuart Hall - Reception theory 

Clay Shirky - End of audience 

Henry Jenkins - Fandom 

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